Haiyan Liu, Xiaoping Dai, Ying Zhang, Weiyu Song, Nan Zhang. Kekule's Structure of Benzene and the Resonance Structures of Benzeneĭewar Benzene and the Resonance Structures of Benzene The Boration-Migratory Addtion-Oxidation and Boration-Oxidation of 1-Alkynes Quantum Chemistry Calculation Experiment on Activation Energy for Isomerization of HCN and HNC Key words: Closed system, Arbitrary process, Spontaneous change, Non-spontaneous change, Exergy, Criteria for spontaneityĪnalysis of the Temperature Deviation for Boiling of Liquid and Condensation of Vapor Using Kelvin EquationĪnalysis on the Application Conditions of the Pre-Equilibrium and Steady-State ApproximationsĪ Web-Based Point Group Teaching Platform (PGLite) in Structural Chemistry Course In summary, the universal definition and the exergy criterion can solve the problems arisen from the confusing conception and explanation related to spontaneous processes. In the paper, the spontaneity criteria for the processes with variable temperature or pressure were also given, which have not appeared in the current textbooks. The exergy criterion can be returned to all kinds of direction criteria when using the corresponding limited conditions. Through the theoretical derivation and the actual examples, we found that the exergy criterion is equivalent to the total entropy criterion. This criterion can distinguish between the spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes.
Another form of the entropy criterion, i.e., the exergy criterion for the arbitrary process in the closed system, was proposed. The original total entropy criterion can distinguish between the reversible and irreversible processes, but not the spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes. As a result, the universal definition of spontaneous process was put forward. The nature of energy change in thermodynamics processes was summarized based on the characteristics of spontaneous process.
Then another form of entropy criterion was obtained and discussed. Here, the first law of thermodynamics was put in the total entropy criterion without any constraints. The various definitions of spontaneous change show the lack of universality. Current criteria for spontaneity are used with the confined conditions.
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